Frequent sneezing, an itchy nose, or the appearance of reddish bumps on the skin are often considered trivial. In fact, these conditions can be signs of an allergy, which is an excessive response of the immune system to substances that are actually harmless to most people. Allergies can occur in anyone and often appear without the triggers being clearly recognized.
This phenomenon was explained by a lecturer from the Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition Sciences at IPB University, drMohammad Lukmanul Hakim Winugroho, SpTHT-BKL. He stated that allergies are related to an abnormal immune response to allergens.
“In simple terms, an allergy is an excessive reaction of the immune system to certain substances known as allergens,” he said in the IPB Pedia program on IPB TV.
Types and Symptoms of Allergies
In more detail, dr Lukman explained that in the field of otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat/ENT), there are three types of rhinitis: allergic rhinitis, non allergic rhinitis, and infectious rhinitis.
Allergic rhinitis is an immunological hypersensitivity reaction to foreign substances, while non-allergic rhinitis is triggered by factors such as environmental irritants, side effects of medication, and hormonal disturbances. Infectious rhinitis, on the other hand, is caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and is usually accompanied by fever.
“Common symptoms of allergies include sneezing, nasal congestion, and respiratory problems such as shortness of breath or wheezing. On the skin, allergies may appear as atopic dermatitis or urticaria, with symptoms such as itching, reddish rashes, bumps, and dry skin. The triggers vary, ranging from dust, pollen, and cold temperatures to certain foods and chemicals,” he explained.
Risk Factors and Management
He added that susceptibility to allergies is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. “If one or both parents have a history of allergies, the risk of allergies in children will be higher,” explained dr Lukmanul. In addition, exposure to dust, mites, animal dander, air pollution, cigarette smoke, and recurrent infections during childhood can also increase the risk.
Other factors such as stress, mucosal barrier disorders, and diets low in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids also play a role. Although allergies cannot yet be completely cured, they can be well controlled.
Dr Lukman explained that the main steps to take are identifying and avoiding triggers, maintaining environmental cleanliness, and strengthening the immune system.
“By recognizing allergy triggers and adopting a healthy lifestyle, we can not only prevent allergies from recurring but also maintain comfort and productivity,” he concluded. (Fj) (IAAS/ADF)
